Segmentation Targeting and Positioning Analysis Theory

Segmentation Targeting and Positioning Analysis schemeKotler (1994, p. 93) has pointed discover that the st prizegical selling planning process f embarrasseds from a kick mission and vision statement to the selection of target markets, and the formulation of item selling mix and arrangement objective for each product or service the organization will offer. Proceeds to fraction the market, select the steal market target, and develop the offers value positioning. The formula segmentation, targeting, positioning (STP) is the essence of strategic marketing Restrepo (2010, p1).Source Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning (2010)http//www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/cb/STP.pnghttp//www.consumerpsychologist.com/cb_Segmentation.htmlToday, India is integrity of the worlds fastest growing economies. With having a wide geographical area of most 15,200Km and a coast rimers bill of 7,500 Km over a billion battalion . fit to Financial quantify (2004) the GDP growth rate w as little than 1% in 1991, however by 2003 the figure grew by 8.5%. Button et al (1999) argues that because of the growth of Indias IT industry, the digit of travelers has bad rapidly. Due to which Indias Travel and Tourism generated $38.8 billion in 2004 and it is judge to raise $ 90.4 billion by 2014. consort to the centre for Asia pacific melodic line (2005), Indian respiratory tracts cast off ordered a total of 490 aircraft over the abide few months. Which in turn it is expected a growth of 164% compared to a world average of only 2.7% Connell Williams (2006, p.358).Connell Williams (2006) states that Indias domestic air travel has grown rapidly due to the growing wealth of Indias population. At the beginning of 2005, at that place were only four domestic air duct services Indian flight paths, air world power Sahara and Jet airways and telephone line Deccan which was the low cost carrier.Compevery background circularize Deccan transfer Deccan (2009), Indias fir st low fare and fastest growing airline was formed in 2003 with the vision to empower every Indian to fly front by providing the lowest airfares and connectivity to uncommitted towns and cities. Deccan is a business unit of Deccan Aviation, Indias large-scalest esoteric eggwhisk charter authorityicipation, which pioneered chopper tourism in India. In 1997, a group of old army buddies led by Capt. Gopi decided to kitty in their vast experience and knowledge of aviation and geography to drive Indias first Private sector helicopter charter caller-up. Deccan Aviation was started in 1997 with one helicopter, it now has a fleet of 10 helicopters and 2 stock-still wing aircraft deployed across eight bases at Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Ranchi, Hyderabad, Surat, Katra and Colombo (Sri Lanka). Deccan Aviation provides helicopter charter services for a range of aviation activities resembling helicopter tourism, aerial coverage of sports crimsonts, heli- skiing and rappelling, aerial reconnaissance and photography, and excessively undertakes logistical support for off shore oil explorations, geophysical mineral survey, power line survey, emergency medical evacuation, V.I.P. movement, film production etc.The military issue was Deccan, Indias first low cost, no frill airline, which was launched on the strength of a simple dream. A dream inspired by reasonable one statement. I want every Indian to fly at least once in his/ her life m. (Captain Gopinath, CEO, 1995)The first flight was launched on 23rd heroic 2003 from Bangalore to Hubli. Since then forward innovation and cost talent has been the primary(prenominal) cogitate of our business philosophy and strategy. The business model is robust, scalable and aligned to the dreams of country building by making air travel a trade commodity.We pride ourselves on our out of the box strategies which have created several firsts in Indian aviation and also made air travel affordable, easy and easily accessible to the popular man of India.Source Destinations of tune Deccan (2009) increase StoryIndia government is considering the growth of aviation sector especially of the hidden sector in aircraft manufacturing, operating and upgrading airports and by providing enhanced ground services. According to ICFDC (2004) The Indian aviation sector has four types of operators domestic airlines, operating within India and select International destinations, International airlines, chartered air operators and air burden service providers, whose services include air transportation of cargo and mail.According to the Director General of civil aviation (2006), when ship Deccan began its operation in August 2003, with a single aircraft from Bangalore to Hubli, demeanor Deccan has seen a phenomenal growth.Air Deccan now has an Aprx 266 flight which runs on a daily basis.As of present 2006, Air Deccans market share is at 19%, making it the third-largest airline in the country.Currently, the carrier emp loyees apprx 2,600 employees.As of Nov 30 2005, Air Deccan had flown apprx 2.7 million passengers.( Air Deccan,2009)Vision and MissionAccording to Air Deccan (2009), Captain Gopinaths vision has helped the lives of Indias multitude where they realized through Air Deccan, which is a pioneering low-cost business model. The airline has played a significant role in making the common mans dream to fly which has come true. However, the airline plans to fly a large number of destinations in India by connecting millions of people (Captain Gopinath, CEO, 2004).Basic Idea tardily the modeling approachSTRENGTHS Leader in LCC market Highest load efficiency Flies to destinations in the hinterlandWEAKNESS Focuses on South Indian market Image plagued by frequent breakdowns and near misses Very particular(a) advertising Reached at the threshold of cost efficiencyOPPORTUNITIES Extensive intercommunicate to ceilingize Air Cargo business Plenty of scope for intricacy of operations Strengthen it s position in Chartered flight segment could start Contractual EmploymentTHREAT High attrition rate the threat of new entrants into Low Price Segment especially Indigo, Go Air, Spice jet and Jetlite. High risk perception.As mentioned in Air Deccan (2009) Air Deccan has plenty of scope for expansion of operations also it has been in operation since last 5 historic period, so kingfisher with the merger could get the prospect to fly internationalistly and Air Deccan with facing constant threats from the ever appear low cost carriers, higher attrition rate and requirement for capital had no former(a) better option than to accept the offer of acquire merged with Kingfisher. market StrategiesSegmentationHigh aircraft utilization was the first of Air Deccans strategies as it would directly result in high revenue enhancement generation. The conquest of the Air Deccan is by its rise planned operational routes. The Air Deccan operates from half a dozen bases, which are located in the metropolitan cities of Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Hyderabad. Further these bases are connected to other regional locations through regional routes. The main strategy of Air Deccan is to pursue unexplored routes which would result -high yield and high load agentive role (Sampler, 2006).PositioningThe main success behind Air Deccan is because of its unique set model. In the pricing model seats which were booked well in advance had lower fares, whereas the seats booked closer to the travel realise had higher fare. However, this helped the airline to maximize its revenues from ticket gross revenue as well as maintain high seat occupancy.By commenting on surplus revenues, Captain Gopinath (CEO, 2005) states that With an average passenger spending INR 75 for a speedy meal or beverage, Air Deccan could have easily generated additional revenue worth INR 202.5 million from 2.7 passengers that had flown on the airline till November 2005.TargetingAir Deccan (2009) has achieved fearful growth due to their marketing and promotion strategies. The airline utilized its marketing and promotional programs effectively to highlight the competitive advantage with the result of its low fares.The target segment which is for the guests who are cost-conscious, Air Deccan choose cartoonist R K Laxmans famous mascot The common man as its brand ambassador. The airline advertising is generally through media like print, radio, and bill boards. The airline has entered into several(a) sales which have provided Deccan with additional advertising slots on television, newspapers and radio.Word Count 1,335.ReferencingAnonymous. (2010). Segmentation, Targeting, and positioning .Available http//www.consumerpsychologist.com/cb_Segmentation.html. Last accessed 11/12/2010.Annonymous. (2009). Deccan simply fly. Available http//www.deccanair.com/aboutus.html. Last accessed 12/12/2010.Annonymous. (2010). Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. Available http//www.centreforaviatio n.com/. Last accessed 12/12/2010.Button, K.J., Lall, S., Stough, R., Trice, M., 1999. High-technology employment and hub airports. daybook of Air Transport Management 5, 53-59Financial Times, 2004. From Indias forget elds, a call for economical reform to lift the woeful.Kingfisher-Deccan Merger. 12 Dec. 2010 http//www.anties avows.com/free-essays/47835.htmlKotler, P. (1994), merchandising Management Analysis, planning, implementation, andControl, 8th edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliff, New Jersey.OConnell.F.J, Williams.G.. (2006). Transformation of Indias Domestic Airlines A case study of Indian Airlines, Jet Airways, Air Sahara and Air Deccan. Journal of Air Transport Management. 12 (1), 358-374.Restrepo.A.J.. (2010). SEGMENTATION TARGETING POSITIONING.Available http//pdfcast.org/pdf/segmentation-targeting-positioning. Last accessed 11/12/2010.Sampler.L.J. (2006). Air Deccan. Available http//web.mit.edu/cisr/ on the job(p)%20papers/cisrwp365.pdf. Last accessed 11/ 12/2010.Marketing morality and fond trustyness an opportunity for competitive advantage or a constraint on marketing decisions? Discuss citing appropriate examples. insertionCarrigan Attalla (2001, p.560) states that Marketing ethics and tender obligation are inherently controversial, and geezerhood of research continue to present conflicts and challenges for marketers on the value of a socially responsible approach to marketing activities.According to Laczniak Murphy (1993) since few years thither are certain controversy revolving around marketing ethics and social responsibility, researchers and scholars are continuing to work on it. Smith Quelch (1996) states that nearly of the company would like to think that organism a good company will attract customers with their products, while it has seen that by the un estimable behavior customer would reject their offer/products.The basic idea behind focusing marketing is by its products and services with the environment, wher e customers play a very important part by representing (Vaaland et al, 2007).As mentioned by Vaaland et al (2007, p.929)Marketing is the process of planning and punish conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of goods, ideas and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals.According to Singhapakdi et al (1995), Social responsibility is been given so oft importance because, E.g., near public companies undergo social responsibility which capacity limit profits and disagreement of the social responsibility. However, he also argues that, the international researchers have not identified in detail to which marketers across the countries put on that ethics and social responsibility are important for their organization for their growth. And also argues that, first managers should be certain of the ethics and social responsibility to have the organization grow before their behavior become more ethical and reflects greater social responsibility .Social responsibility in marketingAs Laczniak Murphy (1993, p.5) states that, both ethics and social responsibility have to stick a positive impact towards the success of an organization, due to which customers make ethical judgments that are likely to influence their purchases. As he has told thatCustomers over time will normally recognize the organizations that attempt to be responsive to various ethical and social factors in the marketplace.The ethics eraHunt and Vitell ( 2006, p.3) pointed out that An individual perceives a situation as having ethical content, the next measuring is the perception of various possible alternatives or actions that might be taken to resolve the ethical problem.http//www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/2160040303002.pngAs Hoddow (2001) states that even though, the researchers are working on this field ETHICS since 30-40 years its still not possible to have achieved the answer of what exactly is the social responsibility of marketing. Ac cording to BBC (2001) there have been lot arguments which have been made by governments and organizations with regarding to the ethical issues. E.g., Companies like Oxfam and Medecin sans Frontieres on allowing cheaper access for consumers of drugs like AZT.Globally, there are many organizations and institutes which are established to do research and promote ethical business demeanour like for E.g., European Business Ethics network, Hong Kong Ethics Development Centre. on that point has been given a lot of importance to the field of marketing as it has grown rapidly and developing a strong ethical profile, academically and professionally, marketers are finding it difficult to ignore the gap of ethics of what the ordering is expecting and what marketing professionals are delivering (Carrigan Attalla, 2001).Ethical Consumer BehaviourAccording to Hunt and Vitell (1992) it has been seen that a lot of attention is given to marketing ethics in the modern years, irrespective of that i t is been unsuccessful to see the buyer side of the exchange process. However, it is a fact that the customers are more informed, more educated and are aware of their consumer rights and product requirements in closely of the western indian lodge.However, a study conducted by Boulstridge and Carrigan (2000) examined customers response to ethical or unethical behaviour, where they found out that the most customers did not have more information weather a company did or did not behaved ethically. E.g., Nestle and Exxon. Even though many people believed that social responsibility is not important while considering in their acquire behaviour, even with knowledge about unethical activity, some customers still bought goods from the company. The main reason why consumers bought these products is because of price, value, and quality and brand familiarity rather than societal ones.Ulrich and Sarasin (1995) say that, one issue is clear, dont do any research. Dont ask the public any questio ns on this subject. The answers are never reliable. In instances where the head says one thing and the heart another. Studies are useless if not misleading (Carrigan and Attala, 2001, p.566).Performance exemplarFriedman (1962, p.133) argues that few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very insane asylums of our free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possible.The modeling by Carroll (1995) gives us the idea and the present condition of what corporate social responsibility theory and their role within the corporate social surgical process framework.http//labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/4778/via/oucontent/course/132/pyramid.gifFigure 2 Source Carroll (1995, p.49). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility.According to Windsor (2001), Carrolls four dimensional pyramid of responsibility structures the crude touch of various corporate social responsibilities into a construction of pyramid. And the pyramid consists of economic responsibilities which are the foundation and philanthropy is the apex. The construction of the pyramid is such that the other responsibilities will not be achieved in the absence of economic performance. sparing and legal responsibilities are socially required, ethical responsibilities are socially original and philanthropy is socially desired.Socially Responsible firmsWhen asked to identify the socially responsible firms, many would point out on Marks and Spencer, because as wholesaler (2010, p.182) mentioned that MS aims to go carbon neutral, send no waste to landfill, break sustainable sourcing, help improve the lives of people in its supply range of mountains and help customers and employees live a healthier lifestyle.According to Carrigan Attalla (2001) companies like JCB, Nissan and Co-operative bank followed ethical behaviour to an extent and when one trying to think of being a good citizen one respondent saidThere sin cerely arent that many .I am sure they are all unethical to some degree. (Anonymous, 2008).Companies like Microsoft, is well known as philanthropy. Bill gates, fights for many of the worlds diseases with his foundation with Melinda Gates. The foundation has given $ 20.1 billion since its first set up (Jobber, 2010).There are few well known companies which they have been registered as a sorry social responsibility for many reasons, E.g, LOreal for their animal testing, NatWest due to their financial investing with animal research centres and Shell and BP for their poor environmental pollution and poor employee relations (Carrigan Attalla (2001).As mentioned by Carrigan Attalla (2001, p.569) the attitudes of many consumers would include when you buy petrol, you do not think of those companies that are or not ethical, it does not even cross your mind. I would only fill up elsewhere if it caused no inconvenience to me.However, the behaviour of the ethics needs to be changed or it ha s to be convincing to the people in order to make them buy or have believe in the products. As we have discussed above about few companies and have seen the reaction of customers purchase behaviour as the just buy the products because of their convince and or are for the brand name. All these cross-file us that the customers are passive ethical shoppers other than the active consumer shoppers (Carrigan Attalla (2001). terminusIt has been seen from the study whether the customers care about the marketing ethics and social responsibility which would influence them on their buying behaviour. It has also seen that researchers have studied the consumers buying behaviour and they have to say that the many of them give very less attention to ethical considerations when it comes to their buying or decision making behaviour. Carrigan Attalla (2001) states that the contact lens between the social responsibility and marketing ethics and consumer purchase be unproven but also one should n ot conclude with the increment of ethical marketing policy and social responsibility.Word Count 1,376.

Research Methodology in Education Research

Research methodological psychoanalysis in Education ResearchIntroductionThis chapter explains the methodological underpinnings of the occupy. I tender justifications for the investigative and analytical paths adopted. I discuss the aim of the little supposition paradigm and its philosophical positions on epistemology, ontology and methodology in a search enterprise. Also addressed argon the people involved, research instruments, data allurement procedure, and data analysis.Figure intentional by the researcher Figure 1Conceptualisation of Research conceptPhilosophical Underpinnings of exact systemThe field of operation centres on issues of business leader, class, privilege and the consequent social relationships. Being aligned with the anti-colonial suppositious account described in Chapter Two, the study is situated at heart the tradition of Critical Theory. Creswell (2014) puts Critical Theory under the umbrella of a trans mixtureative worldview. ToFay (1987), issues of em world-beaterment, ir jimmyive of gender, class, and race, be central to Critical Theory. Lincoln, Lynham, and Guba (2011) state that the research aim of Critical Theory is to critique, seek change and liberate. Per the theoretical framework, the study advocates for gold coastian H.E to ac acquaintance and respect Afri lot worldviews and perspectives. The study argues that the dominant Hesperian paradigms that shape gold coasts higher schooling do non adequately empower the gold coastian student. This consciousness is needful to run Ghanaian students a subject of the study hump to champion reorient higher education and make it emancipatory. defer 1 summarises the ontological, epistemological, and methodological beliefs shaped by Critical Theory.Table adapted from a defy sourceItem Critical TheoryOntologyHistorical realism man shaped by social, political, ethnical, economic, ethnic, and gender appraises crystallised all over cadenceEpistemologyTransactional/subje ctivist value-mediated findingMethodologyDialogic/dialecticalTable 1Basic Beliefs of Critical Theory (Lincoln, Lynham, and Guba, 2011)Research Approach Qualitative A soft go up was most appropriate for this research because it tornados a better luck to fork up in-depth understanding of the subject matter. It provided the best avenue to investigate the research questions.Design Critical StudiesIn line with the philosophical expected value of little theory, I employ McMillan and Schumachers (2010) vital studies framework because my research seeks to find come in how privilege, class, and power acquired through Ghanas H.E clear be translated to serve societal good. gibe to McMillan and Schumacher (2010), critical studies design emphasizes ideas like dignity, dominance, oppressed, authority, empowerment, inequality, and social justice (p. 347). Researchers employing a critical study design must advocate for and stimulate change.Methods of data Collection assiduousMcMillan and Schumacher (2010) note that manifestation and interviews are common methods employed in critical studies (p. 347). Denzin and Lincoln (2011a) also mention that qualitative research is inherently multimethod (p. 5), albeit in that location is an imperative to provide sound rationale. Accordingly, I employed autobiography to dilate my locatedness, a literature review, and face-to-face interviews as methods for this study.Action PlanTable designed by the researcherResearch interrogativesData NeededMethods digest Purpose1. What does it mean to be educated in Ghana?Lived experienceAutobiographyThe education environment, teaching, and learningHow an educated person is recognised in Ghana2. What are the main features of the historical development of H.E in Ghana?Secondary dataLiterature ReviewHistorical analysis of the conceptions in tralatitious Afri muckle and Western perspectivesTo present the different notions and purposes of H.E traditionally (African), during colonialism an d contemporarily.3. How elitist is H.E in Ghana?Primary dataFieldwork. Interviews through semi-structured interview guidemanually by presenting the themes in the responsesTo explore ways to mitigate the asymmetrical power relationships in H.E4. What are the alternative means of funding H.E in Ghana?Primary dataFieldwork. Interviews through semi-structured interview guideManually by presenting the themes in the responsesBorders on access and de-commercialisation of H.E5. What are the possible futures of H.E in Ghana?Primary dataFieldwork. Interviews through semi-structured interview guideManually by presenting the themes in the responsesRelevance of H.ETable 2Summary of How Research Questions were AnsweredQuestion 1 What does it mean to be educated in Ghana?To arrange this, I employed my experiences through egress school to illustrate the process of education and consequent characteristics that identify the highly schooled. Autobiography is a reflection on events of the past and a careful presentation of such accounts. Pictures and other artefacts jock to illustrate the accounts presented in narratives (see Ellis, Adams Bochner, 2011). While this method locates me in the study (McMillan Schumacher, 2010) and offers insights into the broader outlook of H.E in Ghana, it comes with its shortfalls. Autobiography is criticised as being too artful and not scientific, or too scientific and not sufficiently artful and egoistical (Ellis et al., 2011, p. 283). Delamont in Ellis et al. (2011) accuses autobiography (as part of autoethnography) as leave outing extensive fieldwork. Anderson, in Ellis et al. (2011), contends that the use of personal experience makes autobiography biased.I ac intimacy these inadequacies and the shortcomings of man memory, hence my concentration on events during my university education. Furthermore, for my experience not to appear isolated, I engaged with other autobiographical accounts and literature to support my accounts to provide rigour. As Ellis et al. (2011) suggest, the credibility of the writer offers reliability in autobiography and the realistic record of the account is the scale to measure validity. The strengths of autobiography are its ability to condense prejudice on a phenomenon, and encourage personal responsibility and style (Ellis et al., 2011, p. 280).Question 2 What are the main features of the historical development of H.E in Ghana?I employed secondary data (literature) in this regard. According to Neuman (cc6), an extended literature review as a method gives the opportunity to explore the vast materials on a study. Literature provides a seemly source of information collectible to the dynamism and diversities in humanity. It is the basis of edifice and enhancing admitledge, skills and attitudes the ensnareation of education. A literature review grants credibility to the study as a good review increases a averers confidence in the researchers professed(prenominal) confidence, abi lity and background. To Neuman, an extended literature review locates the study in a framework and demonstrates its relevance by making connections to a body of knowledge (p. 111). Further, a good review points out areas where prior studies agree, where they disagree, and where major questions remain. In addition, it identifies blind alleys and suggests hypotheses for replication (Neuman, 2006, p. 111).As part of my extensive literature review, I employ the works and speeches of prominent African prexys and scholars to make a fibre for the type of higher education that would be meaningful in Ghana. Similarly, I employ academic literature and views of a former Ghanaian President and other political leaders to argue how colonial relations save to survive in Ghana. Furthermore, I employ proverbs an embodiment of African viva voce traditions and culture as an example of an African knowledge base that can shape H.E. I utilise selected proverbs to argue that H.E in African perspectiv es promotes the prevalent purpose.Fieldwork Questions 3, 4, and 5Fieldwork is integral to some(prenominal) a(prenominal) forms of research qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. It abets to squeeze and appreciate many social phenomena. Indeed, many academic disciplines are twain fields of theory and practice and fieldwork is also integral. Peake and Trotz (1999) acknowledge the significance of fieldwork it can strengthen our commitment to conduct good research based on building relations of mutual respect and recognition. It does, however, entail abandoning the search for objectiveness in favour of critical provisional analysis based on plurality of (temporally and spatially) situated voices and silences (p. 37).Research InstrumentI used a semi-structured interview guide as instrument to conduct the interviews. This was important to serve well pull little information on the subject. Interviews are useful to elicit thick descriptions (Geertz, 1973) of knowledge and insight into realities. Denzin (2001) describes thick description as deep, dense, detailed accounts (p. 98), which provide alternative perspectives to that of the researcher. McMillan and Schumacher (2010) also note that critical studies are multi-method and say, observation and interviewing are used most often. The key is to gather the right form of information that will support the advocacy desired (p. 347-348).People involved (Respondents)The retortings for this study were people who work or had worked within Ghanas universal universities. I had a proxy who helped identify and made initial contact with likely respondents. I interviewed a retired Professor who is the Chairman of a university council. He has been advocating over the decades for education in Ghana to reflect African culture and worldview. I accepted the recommendation from my proxy to interview him. He is vastly familiar simply inclined toward African worldviews. It was important to get such an various(pren ominal) at the apex of university decision-making to offer some insight on the versed dealings of universities. Another respondent was a former Pro-Vice Chancellor of a macrocosm university who is on a post-retirement contract. His past role in the university equips him to offer reason why the spatial relation quo remains and the difficulties that come with understandation. It is difficult to secernate his biases plainly he does not seem entrenched on particular proposition worldviews.A former Registrar of a national university who happens to hold a Ph.D was also interviewed because Registrars in Ghanaian universities are in charge of the day-after-day administration of the university, and hence have rich knowledge on the administrative setup of prevalent universities. His strengths lie in administration. There was a traditional ruler (paramount Chief) who happens to be a Professor in a public university. He is predisposed to favour African worldviews and share light on how difficult or easy it is to fuse African worldviews in the university structure. His knowledge and promotion of ancient African history and African American studies indicates his inclinations. The bordering respondent was a Christian Reverend Minister who is also a Senior Lecturer. His specialization is in Performing Arts and how theatre can be used to develop societies. His works indicate immense African cultural advocacy despite being a Christian priest.I interviewed a former director of an Institute in a public university (position equal to a Dean). He is a Senior Lecturer in the field of Education and his inclinations are quite difficult to tell. The next respondent is a playwright and Lecturer who prior to his academic life held a top position in an international development agency. He was selected due to his knowledge of Ghanaian developmental issues and his deep insight into African cultural worldviews. Furthermore, I interviewed a respondent with expertise in Development St udies. He is a senior research fellow at the social member of an institute in a public university. Lastly, there was also a linguist and who is interested in African liberation and consciousness. His works and views are very political against the West. He is very knowledgeable in African culture and ancient African history. Cumulatively, the respondents have accrued over 200 years of experience working in universities.Data Collection/ influenceI had a proxy in Ghana who agreed to help identify and make initial contact with potential respondents. Though he once held a high position in a public university, he had no power or control over the respondents. later on the respondents agree to participate, I liaised with the proxy to arrange a meeting and plan the interviews. Prior to the interview, I sent the interview guide to the respondents via e-mail so they could form their intellections on the issues therein.The respondents expressed interest in the study and offered a good deal of encouragement. Even though I desired to interview females, the proxy found it difficult to locate them they were either busy or out of the country. I scheduled the interviews for an hour notwithstanding most of them offered more than an hour cardinal hours in some cases and they were willing for follow-up communication. Some offered references and suggested books that would contribute to the research.It was intimidating and quite intimidating going to interview such high compose personalities. Voices like, Are the questions going to make sense to them, and do I know enough to engage an intellectual discussion with these people? kept emit in my mind. Despite these butterflies, I was assured that the questions were shaped by concerns and gaps in literature. I also had it in mind that I was on a mission to learn.Nevertheless, the process came with obstacles. There were several instances where we rescheduled meetings because the respondents were unavailable. In some instances, they had ad libitum engagements so they sacrificed our scheduled meeting. The classic experience was driving for about 150km from capital of Ghana to another region precisely to find the respondent chairing a influence that closed late. He informed me of his schedule but we both thought the programme would finish early. At the end, he was visibly exhausted and had to beget about 80km home (in another region). He asked me to sleep over and make the 80km to his house the next day for the interview. I made the journey but did not get to see him immediately as there were many people waiting to see him. Eventually, when I had the opportunity to meet him, my lack of traditional knowledge was severely exposed. His elders and members of his council would not entertain English/Western protocols, so I had to fall on the limited Palace protocols I know to navigate that space. He nevertheless was extremely helpful and introduced me to many other scholars. From a Western perspective, these issues border on power but the African in me acknowledged that these delays were not intentional, though frustrating and expensive. It was distinct they were busy besides, I saw their acceptance to participate as a favour as there were no payments or incentives. There is an African proverb that With patience, one can dissect the ant and see its intestines.Data AnalysisTo quote Patton (2002), qualitative analysis transforms data into findings. No convening exists for that transformation. Guidance, yes. But no recipe. Direction can and will be offered, but the final destination remains unique for each inquirer, known only when and if arrived at (p. 432). My data analysis began with the growth of the thesis. In the course of write the theoretical perspectives and the literature review, some thematic areas began to emerge. The major themes bordered on notions of elitism in Ghanaian/African H.E, a lack of community-oriented values in Ghanaian/African H.E, and the African renaissance and pride. I employed these as pre-determined themes on which I formulated research questions. Therefore the responses were to answer questions that came out of these themes.I analysed the field data manually by adopting an inductive nestle of qualitative data analysis. I tinned the interviews into text and separated it into practicable units (McMillan Schumacher, 2010, p. 369). I organised the responses and grouped them under the various research questions and read the transcripts thoroughly to identify comments pertinent to answer the research questions. I highlighted these comments and looked out for new observations and insights that could offer other understandings to the study. I examined the field transcripts to identify rising themes and patterns, made interpretations out of the themes, and considered them in regard to the literature and theoretical framework. I subsequently present the findings and discussions in anecdotes (McMillan Schumacher, 2010).CredibilityCredi bility in qualitative studies refers to the extent to which findings and analyses of the study are realistic (McMillan Schumacher, 2010). To ensure this, I designed the interview guide based on issues raised in literature. In addition, I endeavoured to interview different people with different expertise within the university structure. Though I could not get any respondent from administration institutions, the respondents offered worthy responses as some have occupied different positions in government institutions.A technique I employed to enhance credibility of the study was to send the transcribed interview to the respondents via e-mail for them to confirm the agreement appropriately captured their thoughts. I consequently provide detailed narratives from the respondents. Giving that the respondents did not object to the transcripts, the quotations offered in the analysis chapter of this study reflect the data collected. reflexivenessChilisa (2012) argues that the closeness bet ween the researcher and respondents may affect the lawfulness value of research as it becomes difficult to distinguish between their experiences. In this study, I acknowledge my biases, and clearly illustrate and justify them both in my theoretical and methodological perspectives. The nature of Critical Theory and critical studies makes the issue of reflexiveness quite tricky as the research is shaped and designed by biases that must be checked. Being conscious of my biases, I left the plectron of respondents in the hands of a third party. Besides, the respondents are established academics who I could barely influence especially regarding what to say. I also devoted evidentiary space to the voices of the respondents in the analysis chapter to clearly illustrate their thoughts and maintain the truth value of the study.Though triangulation helps in addressing trustworthiness of qualitative studies, the nature and status of my respondents made triangulation quite impossible. I cou ld not use independent auditors, as suggested by Lincoln and Guba (1985), due to ethical restrictions. However, by sending the transcribed interviews to the respondents to validate, I was able to enhance the credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability of this study, ensuring trustworthy findings that a indorser could transfer and generalise in a similar space.ConclusionIn this chapter, I have outlined the research design used in the research. I have argued that adopting a qualitative approach is appropriate to answer the research questions. Employing a critical studies framework justifies the aim of helping transform social relations between the schooled and unschooled in Ghana. It offers empowerment to students of Ghanas H.E by offering alternative perspectives to help emancipate the schooled from dominant Western perspectives. by means of my proxy, I was able to interview knowledgeable people in Ghanaian universities who offered rich information on how H.E can serve a public purpose. I used the inductive method of qualitative data analysis by highlighting responses that answer the research questions. The emerging themes from responses were synthesised and presented as anecdotes.In the next chapter, I will describe, using my lived experiences, how the educated individual is constructed in Ghana. My autobiographical approach will indicate how the process of schooling divides gild and confers notions of superiority and difference to the highly schooled a phenomenon the study conceptualise as colonial.

Analysis of the Combined Code of Corporate Governance

summary of the combine grave of integrated establishmentCorporate validation is the formation or treat by which companies are directed and bookled (Cadbury,1992,p.2)Good embodied government activity should contribute to offend confederation cognitive operation by fate a climb on discharge its duties in the best interests of share receiveers if it is ignored, the consequence may well be vulnerability or poor performance. Good establishment should facilitate efficient, hard-hitting and entrepreneurial centering that stinkpot deliver shareh greyer value over the longer term. The Combined command on Corporate Governance (the ordinance) is published by the fiscal Reporting Council (FRC) to support these step upcomes and advocate confidence in corporeal cogitationing and systemThe cipher is non a tauten set of rules. Rather, it is a guide to the components of sincere mount up practice distilled from consultation and widespreadexperience over many years. obje t dart it is expected that companies leave behind combine wholly or substantially with its provisions, it is recognized that noncompliance may be justified in particular pot if unspoiled governance can be achieved by unalike means. A condition of noncompliance is that the reasons for it should be explained to shareholders, who may wish to discuss the rank with the join on to and whose voting intentions may be influenced as a result. This comply or explain approachhas been in operation since the Codes beginnings in 1992 and the tractableness it offers is valued by company lineups and by investors in pursuing better unified governance.The listing Rules require UK companies listed on the Main Market of thecapital of the United Kingdom acquit Exchange to describe in the annual report and accounts their bodily governance from two points of view, the first dealinggenerally with their adherence to the Codes briny principles, and the second dealing specifically with non-comp liance with any of the Codes provisions. The descriptions together should give shareholders a sop up and comprehensive find out of a companys governance arrangements in relation to the Code as a criterion of good practiceThe reason for selecting this combined edict on corporate governance as topic of investigate is that police detective is having a past experience of working with the organization and knows about the prows and corns of the business.1.2 INITIAL analyse OF THE LITERATURECorporate governance is an institutional arrangement by which suppliers of finance to corporations assure themselves of getting a proper return on their investment(shleifer and vishney ,1997,p.737). foil and accountability are the near significant elements of good corporate governance. This includesthe well- sequenced provision by companies of good character traininga clear and credible company decision-making processshareholders giving proper consideration to the instruction supportd and ma king considered judgements.The origins of the current Revised Combined Code stem from the report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance (the Cadbury Report,1992) to which was attached a Code of shell Practice. This was further developed through a series of reworkings including those of the Greenbury Committee, which made recommendations on executive pay and a Code of Best Practice. It was then decided that previous governance recommendations should be reviewed and broughttogether in a single code. The work was carried out under the presidentship of Sir Ronald Hampel and culminated in the lowest Report Committee on Corporate Governance with its Combined Code on Corporate Governance in 1998.In 2002 Derek Higgs was waited to report on the subprogram and effectiveness of non-executive directors. His report, published in January 2003, suggested amendments to the Combined Code. At the same time a committee under Sir Robert Smith reported on counselor for audit committees. The revised Combined Code which was issued in July 2003 by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) took into account both reports. The 2003 Code has been updated at regular intervals since then, most recently in June 2008. The 2008 edition applies to accounting periods beginning on or after 29 June 2008.The FRC meets regular reviews of the impact and continues to work efficaciously.According to Christine mallin(2007),Main principles of the Combined Code areDirectors1 The goreEvery company should be headed by an effective board which is collectievely responsble for the success of the company2 hot seat and chief executive in that location should be a clear divission of responsbilities at the head of the company between the racecourse of the board and the executive responsbility for running of the companys business No one case-by-case should comprise imaginative powers of decision.3 Board eternal rest and independenceThe board should include a balance of executiv e and nonexecutive directors (and, in pariticular, independent nonexecutive directors) such that no several(prenominal) or small group of individuals can dominate the boards decision fetching4 Appointments to the boardThere should be a bollock, rigarous and translucent procedure for the mesh of new directors to the board5 Information and professional developmentThe board should be supplied in a timely manner with tuition in a form and of a quality apropriate to enable it to discharge its duteis. each directors should be given generalisation on joining the board and should regularly update and refresh their skills and knowledge.6 Performance evaluationThe board should undertake a formal and thorough annual evaluation of its own performannce and that of its commitees and individual directors7 Re-electionAll directors should be submited for re-election at regular intervals, subject to keep capable performance. The board should certify designed and progresive refreshing of the boardB Remuneration1 The level and make-up of remmuneration Levels of remuneration should be sufficcient to attract, curb and motivate directors of the quality required to run the companys succesfully, but a company should avoid paying more than is neccessary for this purpose. A significant proportion of directors remmuneration should be bodily structured so as to link rewards to corporate and individual performance2 ProcedureThere should be a formal and unmixed procedure for developing policy on executive remmuneration and for fixing the remmuneration packages of individual directors. No directors should be involved in deciding his or her own remmunerationC Accountability and audit1 Financial insurance coverage(Andrew tylecote and francsca visintin,2008)The board should establish a balanced and understandable asessment of the companys blank space and prospects2 Internal controlThe board should maintain a sound system of intarnal control to fortress shareholders investment an d the companys assets3 Audit committee and auditorsThe board should establish formal and translucent arrangements for considering how they should apply the pecuniary reporting and internal control principals and for maintainning an divert relationship with the companys auditorsD Relations with shareholders1 Dialogue with institutional shareholdersThere should be a discussion with shareholders based on the mutual appreciation of objectives. The board as a whole has a responsbility for ensurring that a satisfactory dialogue with shareholders takes place.2 Constructive use of AGMThe board should use the AGM to slip a charge with investors and to encourage their participation.E Institutional shareholders1 Dialogue with companiesInstitutional shareholders should image into a dialogue with companies based on the mutual understanding of objectives.2 Evaluation of governance disclosuresWhen evaluating a companies governannce arrangements, particularly those relating to board structure and composition, institutional shareholders should give due weight to all relavant factors drawn to their atenttion.3 stockholder votingInstitutional shareholders experience a responsbility to make considered use of their votes.1.3 enquiry PURPOSEThe research purpose is to analyse the impact of failures and weaknesses in corporategovernance on the fiscal crisis, including risk management systemsand executive salaries. It concludes that the financial crisis can be to an significant level attributed to failures and weaknesses in corporate governance arrangements which did not serve their purpose to preserve against excessive risk taking in a issuing of financial ser wickednesss companies. Accounting principles and restrictive requirements have too proved insufficient in roughly areas. give way but not least, remuneration systems havein a emergence of cases not been closely connected to the strategy and risk craving of the company and its longer term interests. The article ali ke suggests that the importance of qualified board oversight and robust risk management is not limited to financial institutions. The remuneration of boards and senior management as well as remains a exceedingly controversial issue in many OECD countries. The current turmoil suggests a need for the OECD to re-examine the adequacy of its corporate governance principles in these learn areas.( FINANCIAL MARKET TRENDS ISSN 1995-2864 OECD 2008) All the UK reports and codes, including the 2003 Combined Code (the Code), have taken the comply or explain approach. Although only quoted companies (those with a full London Stock Exchange listing) are obliged to report how they apply the Code principles and whether they comply with the Code provisions and, where they do not, explain their departures from them. The Code has had a noticeable wider impact ongovernance of memorial tablets outside the commercial corporate celestial sphere where parallel codes of governance are emerging. For a quoted company reporting on its application of the Code is one of its continuing obligations under the Listing Rules published by the UK Listing Authority (UKLA). If quoted companies ignore the Code, then thither will be penalties under the Listing rules. The Code is divided into main principles, supporting principles and provisions. For both main principles and supporting principles a company has to distinguish how it applies those principles. In relation to the Code provisions a company has to press out whether they comply with the provisions or where they do not give an explanation. It is the Code provisions that contain the detail on matters such as disengagement of the role of chairman and chief executive, the ratio of non-executive directors and the composition of the main board committees.The first principle of the Code states that Every company should be headed by an effective board. The boards effectiveness is widely regarded as a prerequisite for prolong corporate suc cess. The quality and effectiveness of directors determines thequality and effectiveness of the board. Formal processes for appointment, induction and development should be adopted. Effectiveness of the board and its individual members has to be assessed. The Code states that no one individual should have unfettered powers of decision-making. It sets out how this can be avoided by splitting the roles of chairman and chief executive, and specifies what the role of the chairmanshould be. The Code offers valuable guidance on the ratio of non-executive to executive directors and definitions of independence.( http//www.frc.org.uk/corporate/combinedcode.cfm) .1.4 OBJECTIVESIn the process of research the police detective has to find out the answers for the following(a) questionsTo understand how critical governance issues in a established organisation can be solved with optimized corporate governanceTo formulate an effective method of governing corporates especially at the time of crisis To find out how the country can overcome financial crisis in future with good corporate governance practice?1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDYThis research has some limits as the researcher has constraints of time and money. The randomness provided is of sample size.The research is do in India where the scrimping is developing. So the results vary from Indian developing economy and any other(a) developed economy.The research is mainly concentrated in Hyderabad city so the research result would vary from that of any other city like Chennai, Mumbai, etc.The research is based on the information provided by SATYAM COMPUTERS on how it was bankrupted during financial crisis due to lack of proper governanace and financial reporting. So the result at the end of research will be useful for other companies inorder to benefit from the combined code of corporate governance.1.6 look STRATEGYResearch the word basically means search for information or information compilation. It mostly means to gather i nformation concerning firm question and to build up a certain approach for that question. If on that point was no word called research all the scientific and social projects would have been resulted in proof work and approximated dataThe approach the researcher would be using in this research is qualitative with an inducive outlook. Qualitative research is concerned with the growth of explanations, in order to know the reasons and motivations of social concomitant (Hussey Huseey 1997). The motto existence to know the world in which we live in, by taking into account individual opinions, experiences and feelingsAccording to Saunders et al (2003), in an inductive way theory will pursue data rather than vice versa in the deductive approach. Induction emphasizes on attaining an understanding of the meanings human attach to events, it approves in the gathering of qualitative data and at last, unlike deduction which is a highly prearranged process, induction is a more supple structur e which permits changes as and when the research progresses. Case domain A case study is research method to investigate the phenomenon of topic of research. In this case the researcher is looking at SATYAM COMPUTER SERVICES LTD.which is an IT firm and Collapse of SATYAM COMPUTERS at Indian Stock markets due to lack of proper corporate governance practice. In this research the researcher want to apply the combined code of corporate governance to other companies like SATYAMGrounded theory Grounded theory is a procedure that is designed to generate a theory around the interchange theme of data. So this theory would friend the researcher in doing his research.1.7 data COLLECTIONSecondary DataThe information that is previously for sale is called collateral information. It is using the study previously undertaken in a particular firmament so that one does not replicate it bit conducting primary research. It is too very cost efficient and useful as this being a student project th ere are no funds at our disposal to conduct the research. It offers handiness and is easily penetrationible on databases and likewise on company websites (Wright and Crimp, 2000). It will be employ widely while reviewing the literature on the recommended topic. Some of the secondary sources that will be used are donnish journals like HR journals. Also with online information advance to age EBSCO Host and Keynote research reports and statistics issued by the Corporate Governance team in India will also be used. Finally, a number of accomplished authors have written ample on this subject, these books will also be consulted. The secondary research will be used effectively to provide a good background to instigate a good primary research.Primary DataPrimary data will be collected through a sequence of recorded semi-structured interviews conducted by the researcher. earlier prescribed authorization would be taken from those who would be interviewed. Semi-structured interviews are interviews where the interviewer would ask a set of questions to interviewees these questions differ from person to person depending on that persons position with respect to the research. Though the general topic remains the same, some questions will be omitted and some others might be counting depending on who is being interviewed. For example, questions to an HR manager would revolve around how to cope with abrasion and the management view on how they are looking at this enigma, on the other hand in an interview with the software engineers.1.8 DATA ANALYSISThe researcher understands all the data he would obtain would be based on meaning expressed through words, this kind of information is called qualitative data. The process of qualitative study involves the development of information categories, allocating units of the original information to apt(p) categories and developing and trying hypotheses to produce well grounded conclusions. Now it is enormously beta that all this ric h data must be transformed to information the researcher couldComprehend and manage Integrate related data from different transcripts and notes Identify key themes or patterns from them to further explorationDevelop or test guesswork based on these apparent patterns Draw and verify conclusions (Saunders et al, 2003)This researcher would be using Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software, (CAQDAS), to process him with making good sense of the data, there are various softwares available which would attend to the researcher, quantifying qualitative information if need be, thus making a hypothesis and arriving at a conclusion.1.9 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITYThe question of dependability and validity of information in any research study is of highest importance. Unless the data obtained is consistent, correct conclusions cannot be drawn.In this study, the validity and reliability issues are associated to access to the correct people for interviews and to get the right informat ion out of them. This will mean that the information should be balanced and unprejudiced. Interviewees should be able to provide the correct information linked to the subject without personal opinions or beliefs.This problem can be conquered to a certain extent by enquire to the point questions and framing them up in such a way that eliminates capacity for bias. For this purpose, the researcher will spend quality time on designing good interview questions and will get them checked from a senior supervisor.The issue of access to the correct people for the data is also very important since the research will be based on the answers obtained from them.Another matter related to validity and reliability is the use of very(prenominal) sources for obtaining secondary data. The researcher should gain allude to the right books, journals and articles for getting quality information about the topic. For this purpose, scholarly articles will be obtained from the library and internet.2.0 pric e of admissionThe researcher was providential to have some significant contacts in the IT sector back in Hyderabad, India, this was partly because he was born and brought up there and also because he comes from a strong IT background both academic and professional.The researcher intends to conduct semi structured interviews with the following people.Ms. Pratyusha gogineni (HR Team, Satyam computers, Hyd)Mr. suma Kirthi (HR Team, Satyam computers, Hyd )Mr. Madhusudhan Santhana (Project Manager, Satyam computers, Hyd)Mr. Prabhakar Govind (Analyst, Satyam computers, Hyd)Mrs. Amruta devi ( MD, HND Recruitment, Hyd )The first member, Nandini is an old friend who had grown quite fast in the organization has been treatment recruitments since the past four years through her the researcher had got in contact with Mr. Kirthi, a senior HR manager who also assured official access.To get the other side of the story, the researcher has got in contact with Mr Santhana, who also is the researchers ex manager who used to work with SATYAM computers before. Mr Santhana promised he will do all he could to aid me with this research. Mr Govind along with a few of his colleagues would help in giving me the required information.The researcher intends to leave no careen unturned and would contact more people if need be to help him with this research.

The Key Factors Contributing To An Effective Destination Marketing Essay

The Key Factors Contributing To An Effective Destination Marketing studyAccording to Blain 2001, before defining the pattern of last snitching, it was essential to narrow d confess stigmatization in its general term. Henceforth to provide a erupt insight of the traditional comment of a disfigurement a exposition by Aaker (1990) in Managing shuffle Equity was firstly dress. He defines nonice as a observe, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, mean to hear the skinnys and advantages of one portion outer or group of sellers and to score them from those of competitors. According to the traditional perspective, a strike off was solely agreed with the increase/service which would champion the overlap/service to be distinguished amongst others. Moreover, Kotler (2000) besides overlap the same viewpoint as he be deformity as the abduce associated with one or more than items in the product line, which is apply to identify the source of char acter of the item(s) (Kotler 2000, p. 396).In addition, as the word keeps evolving and becomes more ch eachenging, Blain (2001) in his comment of taint explained the difference amidst grade and logo instance. He argued that the logo design is the symbol or visual representation of the label, which includes grasp, single(a)ity and acquaintances of the perceived product. Creating a logo is one blusher diorama of stigmatisation but the stigmatisation of a product/service involves more than provided a logo as the fault name in addition is an heavy factor. Hence, twain the stigmatise and the logo atomic number 18 interdependent. in spite of appearance this view, Keller (2003a) states that, whenever a securities industryer bring forths a new name, logo, or symbol for a new product, he or she has created a brand (p. 3).However, Kapferer (1997) mentioned that the brand is a sign- in that respectfore external- whose conk is to disclose the hidden qualities of the p roduct which argon inaccessible to contact (p 28). Here, the perception of brand is enumerately different compared to preliminary re lookup. Kapferer coiffe very untold wildness on the identity that a brand name projects and which will come on help the product/service to distinguish itself from competition. Taking the framework of the global fast food industry namely McDonalds, Ghosh et al (2010) stated that there are certain economic evaluate propositions that the comp each advances to its customers to satisfy their needs. McDonalds offers hygienic environment, good ambience and great service. It fecal matter hence be considered that the hidden qualities as mentioned earlier by Kapferer here is the perception which people declare with regards to the ambience at Mc Donald. Henceforth, Kohli and Thakor (1997) suggest that, The ch onlyenge today is to create a sloshed and distinctive find out (p. 208).Initially, a brand was simply a name, it gradually became a represen tation of a product and now a brand not only represent a product or service alone but marketers s appliance to a fault brand a city, a state, a nation or even a bucolic. brand is also about creating awareness of a name and address. According to Upshaw (1995), it is useful to revaluation a amountmary of the terminologies of mark as it helps to understanding the unlike scathe of branding utilize in the branding of finishs. smear EquityThe sum up accumu deeplyd value or worth of a brand the indubitable and intangible assets that the brand contributes to its corporate parent, both financially and in price of selling leverage.Brand identityPart of the brands overall equity the total perception of a brand in the market attribute, driven mostly by its positioning and temper.Brand positioningWhat a brand stands for in the minds of customers and prospects, relational to its competition, in terms of benefits and harbingers.Brand constitutionThe outward face of a brand its tonal characteristics most closely associated with human traits.Brand forceThe core or distillation of the brand identity.Brand characterHaving to do with the internal constitution of the brand how it is seen in terms of integrity, honesty and trustworthiness.Brand soulRelated to the brand character, defined as the values and horny core of the brand.Brand cultureThe system of values that surrounds a brand, of cristal like the cultural aspects of a people or a country.Brand take careGenerally synonymous with either the brands strategic genius or its reputation as a totally. knock back 1 The basic terminologies of branding (Upshaw 1995)With these terminologies as a foundation, a commentary of finish branding butt be developed which will help to arouse a split overview of the touristry cultivation branding.DESTINATION stationINGDespite existence indeterminate about referring the branding concept to the touristry conclusion context (OShaughnessy OShaughnessy 2000) , that concept has only recently captured the interest of touristry finishing researchers and practitioners (Curtis 2001 Anholt 2002 Cai 2002 Morgan Pritchard 2002 Olins 2002). The whimsicality of branding in the tourism industry has only recently to come in the limelight and apparently became a debatable and examinable topic in the late 1990s harmonise to Pike (2002) and Tasci Kozak (2006). Ricardo (2009) also applyed the fact that although branding has been an old aged concept, the study of termination branding is a relatively new addition in the tourism research field. With reference to the definition of branding that Aaker (1991) derived from his research, he explained stopping point branding as a distinguishing name and/ or symbol (such as a logo, or trademark) intended to identify the finale and to differentiate it from competitive cultivations. (p.7). Here also, the researcher put much vehemence on the name and symbol that would contribute to the personalization of the endpoint from competitors.However, any(prenominal) researchers do not limit their definition of branding to a primary name and symbol. According to Ritchie and Crouch (2003), the last branding concept is also about feelings and emotional attachment that the visitant would come when visiting the termination. Within this perspective, they proposed the following definition A speech brand is a name, symbol, logo trademark or other graphic that both identifies and differentiates the end point furthermore, it conveys the promise of a unfor leadtable travel experience that is uniquely associated with the coating. It also serves to unify and reward the post- travel recollection of pleasurable memories of the computer address experience.Henceforth, a destination brand is far more complex than a product brand. The destination brand must(prenominal) birth two attributes to be efficient compared to the brand of a product/service. Firstly, it is necessary to differentiate i tself from other destinations as put forward by Aaker (1991), and secondly people visiting the destination should also experience the promise associated with the brand message. The marketer must make certainly to deliver the experience promised. Taking the example of Columbia, the brand associated is The only stake of infection is wanting to stay. According to Buncle (2009), when a sightseer visits Columbia, he should want to protracted his visit, only then the marketer could take away the delight of a happy destination brand. Additionally, Cai (2002) defined destination branding from a much standardised perspective. He described destination brand as perceptions about a place as reflected by the associations held in tourist memory (Cai 2002, p. 273). His definition reflects that of Ritchie and Crouch (2003) as both consider destination brands as an essence, a perception that tourists have when visiting a destination. However, Kerr (2006) considered the concept of competiti veness, the promise of a memorable travel experience and the recollection of pleasurable memories to derive his give birth definition. To summarize the concept of destination branding, De Chernatony McDonald (1992) commented that the concept of branding is increasingly being applied to people and places.Furthermore, Kotler et al (1999) argue that the concept of a brand name extends to tourist destinations. Acapulco, Palm Springs and the French Riviera have developed strong reputations, consumer perceptions and expectations. In similar ways, Virginia builds on Birthplace of Presidents, Mississippi on The subject matter of Dixie, Niagara Falls is Romance, Greece is The Birthplace of Democracy and Florence The centre of the Renaissance. According to Kotler et al (1993), the concept of destination branding is linked to the specific attraction that the destination has to offer and is a platform for building a places picture show.Finally, the most comprehensive definition of destinati on branding to date was proposed by Blain et al (2005, p. 337), which includes both add up and demand perspectives Destination branding is the set of selling activities that(1) support the cosmea of a name, symbol, logo, word mark or other graphic that quickly identifies and differentiates a destination that(2) consistently convey the expectation of a memorable travel experience that is uniquely associated with the destination that(3) serve to consolidate and reinforce the emotional connection amongst the visitor and the destination and that(4) reduce consumer search costs and perceived risk.Collectively, these activities can help a destination have a positive influence on the visitor while the last mentioned makes his choice of destination. The definition proposed by Blain et al (2005) covers all the needs and wants a traveler would want to have for his trip. To summarize, defining destination branding is a complex process as it is not only the market of a destination but al so the sense of promise that the marketer would associate with the brand to all the potential visitors. It also encompasses the satisfaction the visitors would derive when experiencing the destination. region BRAND VERSUS DESTINATION BRANDNot much research has been through till now to differentiate between a country brand and a destination brand. However according to Szondi (2007), the aim of destination branding is to attract visitors and boost tourism, while country branding promotes economic, commercial and political interests at home and abroad. Szondi (2007) further suggest that a country brand can consist of different brands, such as a destination brand, an export brand, an investment brand, a political brand, which can be all different rather than having a central, all-encompassing country brand. Some of these sub-brands can be stronger and more achieverful than others. He further argues that country brands have both intangible and tangible elements, such as the products or work of the concomitant country. The more specific aims of country branding are to create or advance the country-of-origin effect, to promote exports or attract investors or a skilled workforce. Country brands can serve as a mixed bag of umbrella under which further sub-brands can be developed.Taking the event of Mauritius as example, it can be noted that its country brand is Mauritius- its a pleasure whilst its tourism brand is Les Iles Vanilles, on technological grounds, Mauritius has branded itself as Cyber- Mauritius and ecologically, the island has been termed as Maurice- Ile durable. Sub- brands are very important for a destination as it helps both investors and travelers to have an overview on the political, economical, social, technological, ecological and legal aspect of the destination. other concrete example which shows an evidence of the difference is the case of India. The country brand of India is Incredible India, but several destinations of the country itself are branded separately. Table 2 clearly shows the difference between the country brand and the destination brand.Country brandDestination brandsTable 2 Difference between a country brand and a destination brandREASONS DESTINATIONS amplify BRANDSResearch has proved that branding improve destination jut among visitors and help Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs), who are the stakeholders of the tourism industry of a destination, in measuring the success of that branding concept. Branding successes include the Courtyard by Marriott (Alford 1998), Forte Hotels (Connell 1994), and Florida (American Marketing Association 1997). In addition, the 1998 Annual Travel and touristry Research Association conference has reported a number of destination branding success stories. These included sassy York, Tasmania, Australia, Canada, New Orleans, Lousiana, Texas, and Oregon. The branding success in the hospitality firms (Beirne 1999 Higley 1999 Hodge 1998 Salomon 1998) has also been recogn ized. Also, from a nation branding perspective, Hamilton (2000) viewed Scotland as uniquely strong in integrity, inventiveness, tenacity, and spirit. Henceforth, it can be think that all the studies stress the importance of reinforcing a unique foresee and nature as well as differentiating the destination from competitors to be successful and to be a recognized destination and nation around the world.Additionally, according to Rainisto (2004), a successful brand is a key national asset that is why either nation brands itself. In other words, branding is considered as a marketing tool to promote a destination and in the process of maturation a successful brand the place itself is developed. Brown et al (2002) took the example of Australia and the Sydney 2000 Olympics to describe such a development. Branding Australia as a whole has changed the perspectives of many. With the Sydney Olympic game, other countries and even the local population viewed Australia differently as the tar geted group was satisfied with the Sydney Olympic and Australia brand image was boosted. To summarize, destinations develop brands to be economically stable and develop as well as accomplishment existing resources for the benefit of the destination itself.Moreover, destinations develop brands so that they can sell themselves by citing only category benefits. For example, several tropical destinations mostly islands like Jamaica, The Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Bermuda, Mexico and the Cayman Islands praise their clear blue water and whiteness or pink or black sandy beaches to attract maximal number of tourists1. They sell fun, excitement or relaxation or the various activities that their destination offers with an added value of local culture which will outsmart the destination when compared to others as each destination has its own culture. Thus, it can be concluded that destinations develop brands to achieve fame and success by selling themselves to potential visitors.1 http//www.stealingshare.com/pages/%20Destination%20Brand%20Development%20and%20Tourism%20Brand.htmDESTINATION IMAGEThe aim of destination branding is to put emphasis on the importance of a tourism brand and present the targeted market a loving image of the mentioned brand according to Jalilvand et al (2010). It can therefore be understood that the image of a destination holds much importance and is considered as one of the key success factor brand. Moreover, Lin et al (2007) also agrees with the fact that destination image plays an important role in shaping tourists preferences and decisions to visit a particular destination. Henceforth, according to Morgan and Pritchard (1998), There is undoubtedly current interest in image. Image is exhorted as the defining experience of the decade, as the new reality. It is commonly recognized that destination image is, the sum of beliefs, ideas, and delineations that a person has of a destination (Crompton 1979, p. 18), it is also an importan t aspect in successful destination marketing (Tasci Gartner 2007). Some researchers relate destination image as one of the key component for the overall success of a destination in the field of tourism (Chen and Kerstetter 1999 Dadgostar and Isotalo 1992 Hunt 1975). Additionally, according to Echtner and Ritchie (1991), destination image is defined as not only the perceptions of individual destination attributes but also the holistic impression made by the destination (p. 8). Therefore destination image has proved to be a major factor in determining visitor choice (Lee, OLeary, and Hong 2002).The 3- pass tourism destination image formation modelMoreover, as destination image has a great impact on the tourist behavior, researchers has been toilsome to identify the determinants that define, modify, and strengthen this concept (Tasci Gartner 2007). Therefore, past studies have considered destination image as a dependent variable suggesting that several factors play a role in the de stination image formation (Alhemoud and Armstrong 1996 Bramwell and Rawding 1996 Gartner and Shen 1992 Gunn 1972 MacKay and Fesenmaier 1997 MacKay and Fesenmaier 2000 Smith and MacKay 2001 Sonmez, Apostolopoulos, and Tarlow 1999). inscribe 1 below illustrates the destination image formation model and subsequently identifies those elements that have a unionise influence on how the perceived destination image is formulated in the mind of the visitor. According to the diagram, there are three main types of destination image namely the cognitive, affective and the conative image that bridges the gap for a successful and impressive destination image formation which will eventually lead to a successful destination brand.FIGURE 1THE 3-GAP TOURISM DESTINATION IMAGE FORMATION pretendingFigure 1 fit from Govers et al- 2007Assurance of QualityAccording to Blain et al (2005) a recognized brand is an assurance for consumers who would generally derive satisfaction from that brand and trust that their expectations will be met. Viewed at heart a hospitality context, visitors will likely expect high-quality facilities and customer service at a renowned internationally recognized chain (brand) of hotels like the Oberoi Hotel Group as they are already acquainted with the service being provided by that particular firm. At the same time, visitors can also expect to pay a premium for this assurance of quality and reduction of perceived risk (Blain et al 2005). L. Berry (2000) states that a brand reduces customers perceived monetary, social, or safety risk in buying services, which are difficult to evaluate prior to grease ones palms (p. 128). Henceforth, the image that a destination projects in the tourism market and its product offering as illustrated in the diagram above is primordial.DESTINATION AND BRAND personalityFurthermore, one of the other key factors for an sound destination brand is the personality of the destination. As places seek to become distinctive and uni que in their own ways, destination personality is viewed as a possible bureau for understanding tourists perceptions of places and for designing a unique destination identity (Caprara et al 2001 Crask and Henry 1990 Morgan et al 2002, Triplett 1994). As we have seen in Table 1 above, Upshaw (1995) defined brand personality as human traits associated with the destination. Taking Dubai as an example, it is portrayed as a friendly, safe and virtually crime- free country and where hospitality has been a tradition for centuries2.2http//www.dubaitourism.ae/DubaiataGlance/WelcometoDubai/tabid/309/language/en US/Default.aspxBRAND PERSONALITYIn the tourism literature, the study of destination image has been of utmost importance during the past three decades, but destination personality has remained largely unexplored. However, since Aaker (1997) developed the Brand genius Scale (BPS), which consists of five generic wine dimensions namely excitement, sincerity, competence, sophistication, and ruggedness, further studies on destination personality has been conducted and the brand personality dimensions have been applied to various destinations across different cultures to have a better overview on consumers opinion on that particular area and how it is being consumed by visitors (Aaker et al 2001 Supphellen and Grnhaug 2003). The brand personality of a destination must have the ability to provide a sense of uniqueness in the minds of the consumers which will in turn help to build and enhance brand equity (Keller 1993 Johnson et al 2000 Phau and Lau 2000). If a brand has a strong personality, consumers would be influenced (Sirgy 1982 Malhotra 1988) and would tend to develop stronger emotional ties (Biel 1993), trust, and loyalty with the brand (Fournier 1998).DESTINATION PERSONALITYSimilarly to brand personality, a unique and emotionally hypnotic destination personality can influence the perceived image of a place and influence the choice of the tourist. For example, According to Crockett and Wood (2002), the rebranding of Western Australia has reflected another personality of the country. The destination was promoted as a premier nature-based tourism destination which in turn resulted in an increase in tourism. Although there has been little experimental investigations, destination personality has been adopted by many tourism academics at the conceptual level (Crockett and Wood 2002 Henderson 2000 Morgan et al 2002).For example, through an analysis through in a travel and tourism advertisement in the US travel media, Santos (2004) revealed that Portugal was represented with personality attributes such as contemporary, modern, sophisticated, and traditional. Morgan and Prichard (2002) observed that England was portrayed as being conservative, pleasant, refined, civilized, eccentric, and down to earth in the UK tourism media. Furthermore, Henderson (2000) revealed that the New Asia-Singapore brand composed of six personality characteristics nam ely cosmopolitan, youthful, vibrant, modern, reliability, and comfort. Moreover, destinations can be described using human personality traits, such as europium is traditional and sophisticated Wales is honest, welcoming, romantic, and down to earth Spain is friendly and family oriented capital of the United Kingdom is open-minded, unorthodox, vibrant, and creative and Paris is romantic (Morgan and Pritchard 2002).When choosing among competing products, consumers assess the degree of similarity between the personality traits communicated by the product (Plummer 1985) and by so doing they reflect their own personality (Zinkhan et al 1996). Hence, a sportsman buying an energy crispen like Red Bull will give the latter the impression that when consuming the drink, it would help him to be as strong as a bull. Therefore, there is both a physical and emotional consumption of the product. This notion is supported by Browns study (1992), which advocates that through tourism experience, the re are symbolic as well as physical consumption of places. In contrast, whether the tourists have had a direct or indirect contact with the destination, perceptions of destination personality traits can be outlined (Plummer 1985). Destination send a variety of messages, most especially through advertising and tourists would receive and empathise those messages and form a personal opinion on the behavior of the destination. Personality traits can be associated with a destination in a direct way through citizens of the country, hotel employees, restaurants, and tourist attractions, or simply through the tourists imagery, defined as the set of human characteristics associated with the typical visitor of a destination (Aaker 1997). In an indirect manner, personality traits can be attributed to destinations through marketing programs such as cooperative advertising, value pricing, celebrities of the country, and media construction of destinations (Cai 2002).Accordingly, Ekinci and Hosan y (2006) argued that, similar to consumer goods/brands, tourism destinations are rich in terms of symbolic values and personality traits, given that they consist of a bundle of tangible and intangible components (e.g., visitor attractions, hotels, and people) associated with particular values, histories, events, and feelings. Henceforth, it can be perceived as one of the key factors which contribute to an good tourism destination brand.DESTINATION POSITIONING some other key aspect of an effective and successful destination brand is the positioning of the destination. In their classic book, Positioning The Battle for Your Mind, Ries and Trout (1981) argued that the concept of positioning is not only applicable to a brand but also to a company, service, person, or even a place.A great number of researches have been conducted in the area of destination image and positioning (Gartner, 1989 Woodside et al., 1989 Woodside, 1990 Etchner and Ritchie, 1993 Chacko, 1997 Walmsley and Young, 1 998 Botha et al., 1999). Most of the previous studies have followed the traditional approach to positioning that is based on image creation using a number of attributes that reflect the destinations most attractive products. Moreover, Etchner and Ritchie (1993) also believe that the image of a destination should be seen as having components that are attribute-based and holistic. They argued that an analysis of these attributes, integrated with personal variables such as the type of tourism needs sought, can help in identifying the relative strengths and weaknesses of the destination and can also contribute to identifying potential niche markets that could be used in developing the destinations positioning strategy. Buhalis (2000) also suggests, based on Butlers (1980) destination life-cycle model as shown in Figure 2, that destinations at the later order of their evolutionary development, that is the rejuvenation point, should focus on alternative marketing strategies that suppor t the image alteration, redesign or re-positioning of the tourism product.Figure 2 Adapted from Butler (1980)According to the figure above, the following representsA Exploration phaseB Involvement phaseC Development phaseD Consolidation phaseE Stagnation phaseF worsening/ Rejuvenation phaseAccording to Butler (1980), each stage contributed to the enlargement of tourism in the destination. However, the last phase namely decline/ rejuvenation phase recommend a repositioning and rebranding of the destination to boost the tourism level of the destination. Moreover, Trout and Rivkin (1996) believe that repositioning strategy becomes necessary when(1) Customer attitudes have changed(2) Technology has overtaken existing products and/or(3) Products have strayed from the customers long-standing perception of them.Furthermore, Crompton et al (1992) also suggested that, for effective positioning of a destination, the strong attributes that are perceived as important by visitors should be fir st identified. Also to be identified are other relevant attributes that are unique to the destination and resourceful of differentiating it effectively from its competitors in its ability to satisfy the customers needs. Consistent with this line of thought, Chacko (1997) in a study of the US tourism market combined the ten highest-ranked activities among Japanese tourists with their specific image attributes of the destination in order to get an indication of how to position the USA as a destination for Japanese visitors. Henceforth, the positioning of a destination is the process of establishing a distinctive place of that destination in the minds of potential visitors (Gartner, 1989).From the above, it can be concluded that to see success for the positioning strategy of a destination, it is imperative that the image of the destination and the specific product attributes that satisfy the customer should be identified. Authors such as Gunter and Furnham (1992), Sleight (1993) and Weinstein (1994) believe that markets are no longer as mass-oriented or colossal as they once were due to a change in visitors tastes and needs. Most tourists are in need for unique and unspoiled destinations. Therefore, as explained by Etchner Richie (1993), the measurement of the customers image of the tourism product and the satisfaction of the product attributes, combined with the identification of the tourist needs and desires in a tourist destination (Cho, 1998), can be perceived as factors leading to an effective destination positioning.BRAND EQUITYApart from destination image, destination personality, destination positioning, another factor which can be considered as important for an effective brand is brand equity. Recently, much emphasis has been put in the tourism literature to the concept of brand equity (Ind 1997 Kapferer 1998 de Chernatony 1999 Aaker Joachimsthaler 2000). The Marketing Science contribute (1989) described brand equity in the perspective of customers as the value that is added by the name and rewarded in the market with better profit margins or market shares. It can be viewed by customers and channel members as both a financial asset and as a set of favorable associations and behaviors. Keller (2002) also defines brand equity from a customers perspective. He explained that an identifiable brand would urge customers to respond favorably to the product.On the other hand, from a managerial perspective, Aaker (1991) defined brand equity as a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand, its name and symbol add to or figure from the value provided by a product or service to a firm and/or that firms customers. He stated that the assets and liabilities linked to a brands name or symbol can be grouped into five dimensions namely brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality, brand associations, and other proprietary brand assets. He suggested that brand equity can be generated by fortify those dimensions.Besides, Fairclot h (2001) stated that recent definitions of brand equity have evolved and include the added value of name and expand to a broad set of attributes that drives customer choice. He also argued that brand equity actually represents a products position in the minds of consumers in the marketplace. Nevertheless, researches on the brand equity concept and its dimensions have been mostly investigated within products and services context the brand equity concept within a tourism destination context is currently in its infancy (Konecnick Gartner, 2007 Pike, 2007).CONCLUSIONBranding has evolved from product brand to destination brand. However, destination branding is far more complex than branding itself. There are quatern key factors in the literature review that have been developed. These are destination image, destination personality, destination positioning and finally brand equity. Yet, destination image is still considered as one of the most important aspect for an effective brand. Mor eover, the 3-gap tourism destination image formation model is an integral tool for marketers have a better insight of the loopholes that should be tackled when promoting a place. Henceforth, whenever any DMO want to create an effective brand, the four key brands must be given due priority.

Many Factors That Affect Communication Social Work Essay

M both Factors That Affect communion companionable Work Essay social skills, majority of the theatre directors chose inter soulfulnessal skills as their greatest strength. four-in-hands moldiness obtain a grave intercourse skill in cut by dint ofing with their stakeholders. In Catherine clubho spend, our theatre director has military unitive chat skills in dealing with the entire plaza with regards to ho physical exercise physicians c tot tout ensembley for if it is existence met, staff, and residents families.A good company wouldnt confirm a in truth strong foundation with position a team that helps in problem-solving. C atomic number 18 get goingers essential be carry onful in recognising a problem by assessment, endure the possible cause and effect, and broadcast for the procedure thoroughly. Team run low allowing train in, as the soulfulness who necks the problem ordain writing to the team, to assess, find out(p) all the info, and to plan the bes t action. Communication is still there as they be following a process of solving a problem, and in decision-making. (http//www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2629217?uid=3738032uid=2129uid=2uid=70uid=4sid=21101226337883)The aim of the policy is to en confident(predicate) that the effective channels of parley argon established, hurted and maintained. It believes that the colloquy of good in spend a pennyation promotes property burster, whirls clients financial aid in making informed choices and plays a brisk economic consumption in motivating and supporting staff.To en adequate us to fulfil our statutory responsibilities to supply study. To communicate effectively with staff or so ongoing issues, policies and procedures. To provide opportunities to feeling with staff and for them to express theirViews and saturnineer ideas and suggestions. To communicate effectively with clients and their representatives. To promote the quality of service that we provide to our clients.e ngineering is moving so fast like a shot that we engage many electronic aids to help us communicate. For example, unfermented phones after part apply to shamble calls, send text messages and emails fanny used to throw off video call where you notify see the person on the otherwise line, idler leave a voice message if its not lendable.There atomic number 18 many factors that affect communication. They are Sensory going when whateverone cannot cause or pass information because of visual and auditory sense disabilities. Foreign language when someone has unlike accent, unalike pronunciations, and/or uses sign of the zodiac language that the other person does not speak, or understand. Jargon victimisation of medical terminology to a patients, service users, and family members that they whitethorn not understand, it is pause to explain occasions harmonize to the level of their understanding because understanding the facts can make something appear less scary. Slan g when a look at worker uses a language that is not e veryone uses, or familiar with.Cultural differences there are some things that has the same substance but could mean different in two cultures. For example, keeping an fondness contact whilst communicating is seen as cosmos respectful, and organism truthful, but for some culture like in eastmost Asia for them it is a sign of being rude and defiant. Distress everyone can sustain distress, this can be difficult for them to crystalizely understand what is being express due to lack of focus. Emotional difficulties every one of us has stirred difficulties at dates and can make us upset. The negative effect is not to hear or understand clearly what the other person is is telling you and can lead to misunderstanding. health issues when the person is ill, he/she cannot be an effective communicator, e specially service users that suffering from Parkinsons disease or quaternary Sclerosis affect an individuals ability to co mmunicate properly, portion out worker should be trained and aware on how to work with these battalion.Communication Audit it is a method use to identify the Strengths and Weakness of your current and external communications.Organisations recognise the benefit of keeping their customers, clients, investors, partners and/or members aware of happening with in their nerve. The techniques they adopt are varied, ranging from the tried and true e.g. e-mailings, and website postings, variant of racy technology tools. Placing a suggestions box at the front door gives the residents family to write their comments and suggestions anonymously or they can light upon their names, and/or they can even go square to the managers, seniors for their comments. Making quarter year survey that requires family member of clients to answer a questionnaire, and they are free to add their comments.When Stakeholders r each(prenominal) out checking and carry throughing a promotion plan We go into devel oping a promotion plan. We offer steps and examples. From there we experience at what a communication plan entails. Emerging from this we look at relating to the media. We highlight the importance of identifying happen upon messages and who your re augur audience is for different promotion work. Finally, we offer apportions of suggestions for nervous referencemakers.Promoting your organisation when people reach in A large part of an organisations work happens through telephone contact and with visitors approach path to your office. If you put people off with a negative attitude when people phone in or visit, you will probably end up having an organisational image not to your liking. So, we look at promoting your organisations image in this context. We give ideas about your reception area, how you receive people, handling phone calls and e-mails. And we end off looking at how you can monitor and evaluate your organisat ion.Task 2 ReportCatherine Lodge is a residential parcel out home that aims to provide continuous professional guard to all its residents within a estimable, friendly and relaxed environment. It caters up to 39 antique residents providing each individual with a individualised form of service derived from a make dofully formulated care plan that meets their unavoidably. This is provided both in nearsighted and long term rear end depending on each individual. Since each resident has precise needs that range from physical, psychological, social or spiritual needs on a 24 hour basis it requires a real level of personnel to facilitate this.Show me the silver Well, thats what financial data do. They picture you the money. They show you where a companys money came from, where it went, and where it is now.There are quatern main financial data. They are (1)balance sheets (2)income rehearsals (3)cash flow statements and (4)statements of shareholders equity. parallelism sheets show what a company owns and what it owes at a fixed point in time. Income statements show how untold money a company make and spent over a period of time. Cash flow statements show the exchange of money amid a company and the outside globe in any case over a period of time. The fourth financial statement, called a statement of shareholders equity, shows changes in the interests of the companys shareholders over time.A balance sheet provides critical information of companys asset, liabilities and shareholders equity.Assets are things that company owns that have value. They can either be sold or used by the company to provide function that can also be sold. It also includes physical property of the residents that can/cant be touched but nevertheless exist and have value.Liabilities are amounts of money that a company owes to others e.g. all kinds of obligations like borrowed money from a bank, payroll a company owes to its employees, environmental costs, taxes owed, and obligations to provide good quality of services.Shareholders equ ity or capitalIncome statements is a handle that shows how much revenue a company earned over a specific period, it also shows the companys pass earnings and losses.Cash flow statement report a companys inflows and outflows of cash. This is important because a company needs to have plenty cash on hand to pay its expenses and purchase assets. While anincome statementcan tell you whether a company made a profit, a cash flow statement can tell you whether the company generated cash. It shows the net increase or decrease in cash for a period.In Residential home, we have enough staff to work in the morning, in the afternoon and at night. We have a monthly staff concussion to raise our concern at work, problems with our colleagues, and suggestions on resident/s care plan, and we also have a separate Senior Carers group meeting, the Manager/ owner and the Deputy Manager constantly presents the Carers the needs of good communication, and team work. We have supervision every 3 months, the manager is giving feedback to identify our strengths and weaknesses, and if they deliberate the staff needs to be trained, and appraisal every 6 months in which we rate ourselves, and the Deputy Manager is rating the staff as advantageously in our performance, we can voice out our own opinion, about the job, colleagues and if we are getting support from the Managers. The company also provided us mandatory training, manuals, booklets, notification from the lecturer and a questionnaire that we need to answer at the end of the training. Catherine Lodge has a seasonal newsletter where they introduce new staff member, residents who noted their birthday, and about the achievements of the company.A good communication skill is very important, specially working in care settings. Working with vulnerable heavy(p)s requires more understanding, essential have different techniques and strategies use in supporting communication among the individual with specific communication needs. Good communication with vulnerable adult is essential. This includes identifying behaviour triggers, by means of visual prompts and speaking in short, clear sentences. I considered that the social workers used verbal and non-verbal forms of communications and applied the principles of industrious listening. many people with disabilities are not able to use speech as their principle means of communication. They may however be able to use an alternative method of communication such as symbols and typic languages. It is vital to recognise that symbols are different from pictures. Pictures generally convey a lot of information at once but their focus is ofttimes unclear. Symbols, on the other hand, are often designed to convey a specific meaning. Symbols or symbolic languages can be applied to think of many aspects of verbal communication. Symbols can be presented through visual, auditory and/or tactile media and can take the form of gestures, photos, manual signs, printed lingu istic communication, objects, reproduced spoken wrangling or Braille. Symbols help understanding which can increase involvement, choice and arrogance. It helps support creativity and self expressions. Using mobile phones at work is rigorously prohibited, as it may interfere in whatever the carer is doing or it may cause accident e.g if the Carer is feeding, doing morning care. Some residents may have ambitious behaviour that sometimes affects the carer itself, they best react in a calm, peacefulness environment, Carer mustiness consider the Residents preference, cultural difference, language and environment, assumptions, judging, noise, and distraction.The use of technology helps the care workers by having an easy access by just typing the residents name all his/her information daily report will come out in one click, comparison graph of residentials weight incomparable from noncurrent to present will easily available in one click, not unlike if it is just written and filled y ou have to search for it and taking into custody the book where you filed it. Make work a lot easy, report will neat and tidy, because it is easy to edit if you accidentally misspelled.Disadvantage of it is if the computer got computer virus and/or the system got hacked all the information will wipe out, that will give an extra work for the manager, care workers, and andmin.Code of Practice sets out the minimum standards and guidelines for hygiene, fire building safety, and the level of care required , which aims at ensuring that residents in the homes receive services of acceptable standards that are of benefit to them physically, emotionally and socially. (http//www.swd.gov.hk/doc/downsecdoc/code_rchpd.pdf)I will assess the employment strategies, policies and procedures that should be in place to ensure good practice in relation to all forms of communication in health and social care setting. The health and social care industry mainly focuses on the heart of care. Since it invo lves people, communication takes a very important mathematical function. Effective communication is not only significant to the health care professionals in ensuring the cleansement of clients quality of life by addressing their needs. It is also the clients and support systems right in the promotion of their equality and diversity as people.Workplace strategies, policies, and procedures for good practice in communication focus on ensuring privacy, and confidentiality, disclosure, protection of individuals, rights and responsibilities, and equal opportunities. Moreover, a practice on disciplinary procedures, complaints policy, and bendable working also benefit the entire health care team. If all these flow efficiently, there will be no hindrance in the system of communication. For example, one of our residents had a GP appointment and I escorted her. When we arrived in the GP surgery, the receptionist asks the residents loudly for the reason that I am in the GP surgery in which o ther patients can hear, there is a let loose in the policy of ensuring privacy. Whenever I initiate expressing my concerns at her pace, then I will definitely not have my privacy. It establishes a barrier between us personally and professionally. As a patient, I might start complaining with regards to her action.Effective communication is a key factor in success may it be in work or association. It is always a part of personal and professional progress. Therefore, to master communication skills and techniques is a very important area to develop in each individual. In the given scenario its implication is to render a quality health care service which benefits the service providers and the service users.Data Protection is designed for person responsible for safeguarding the confidentiality of information and of the person giving his or her own information. sensation of its purposes is to safeguard the fundamental rights of individuals.This act governs the right storage and processi ng of personal data held in manual records and on computers. Under this act, the rights of the individual are protected by forcing organisations to follow proper and sound practices, known as data principles (DPP). Reporting and recording of information is a vital form of communication needed to ensure the safety of vulnerable adults. Parts of a carers daily routine should include making notes in a care file, as well as using communication books, forms and documents. Make sure that the writing is legible and clear, that is signed and dated, and that where necessary copies are made.http//transparency.dh.gov.uk/dataprotection/information-charter/wellness and safety device inspections are an important monitoring tool to help ensure that workplace hazards are controlled and that essay to employees and others are eliminated or minimised. Inspections should be carried out regularly.Carers must inspect the equipment/s before using it, report and record all faulty equipment/s to the Manag er e.g. heating, lightning, and ventilation. Charter is for anyone who has dealings with the Department of Health whether through correspondence, involvement in public policy consultations or if for any other reason we hold personal information about the resident.Communication and listening gives clues to a ruin understanding of an individuals preferences and wishes. Gathering information about an individual will lead to creative and supportive ways of providing care. Carers must exercised active listening and having the ability to empathise with the residents by paraphrasing what the others saying to her and understand it. So that, she will increased the trust and gain more information from the individuals. Communication itself is influenced by individuals values and culture. Carers should always make sure of eye contact focus on what they are saying and acknowledged what is being said to her by paraphrasing or nodding her head. Carers must also use different technique to enhance their social culture, beliefs and values. Like for instances, I usually greets and chat with the individuals by smiling , Carers must apply the sense of touch in her communication. I believes that by means of touch can be a very unconditional form of communication in that it can provide comfort and re-assurance when someone is distressed making them feel safe and secure, it can also be a signed of love, respect and partiality to somebody or it may calm someone who is agitated. In this courtship carers show that they met the desires of the human beings to their client which are love, purpose and self expression.Carers should be warm and caring in nature and she has the ability to connect well with others. Fine qualities and having a good communication skill plays important role in the delivery of care in whatever ethnicity, sex, education or social care they may be.Saving face is saving your credibility, dignity and ethics by means of being honest, getting out of the situation b y means of good explanation.Theories of Organisational communicationAttraction- selection attrition manikin In Attraction, everyone is different, people are differently attracted to a career for different reasons, this could be their passion, helping and/or looking after people could make them sharp and fulfilled, even if they just want to try different job, and this is depending on their personality to choose the governing they want. In Selection, in organization the Manager chooses who she thinks will qualified for the job, with the same interest, goals, and personal reasons. Attrition, this is the complete opposite of attraction, where the people who didnt qualify, or found that they are not happy with the organization, management, job work to leave, only those people who have the same ideas, interest, fits in the job chose to stay. A very good example is in the residential home I used to work, Id chose that residential home to apply because of a good reputation. The manager hired me because she thinks have got the qualification they are looking for, and I can contribute to the organization. I and the other wench started working as a Induction carer, 3 days after the manager talked to me, and told me my colleagues are happy working with me and I can start working as a regular carer, working on my own. The sad part was, the new lady didnt appear two days after.http//www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Public%20Relations,%20Advertising,%20Marketing%20and%20Consumer%20Behavior/Attraction-Selection-Attrition_Framework(ASA).doc/There are many types of organizational communication. Individuals communicate with peers, superiors, and subordinates within the organization. Managers manage through communication. Employee communication departments attempt to inform and/or secure cooperation from employees. Labour relations specialists deal with labour unions. Formal and informal communication takes place between departments and role occupants t hroughout the organization. Public relations specialists communicate to external audiences about the organization in general,and advertising departments communicate to consumers about the organizations products and services. Change agents and other organizational representatives communicate with clients and community representatives. Finally, organizations communicate with other organizations which generally share frequent problems or values. In groupthink or team work, a manager or team leader should be sensitive, open to accept suggestions from your subordinates in evidence to meet the target goal. Working in groups are building blocks for meeting organization goals. Managers should also consider ways to develop leadership in team members. Training for versatility in leadership styles through workshops could encourage this growth. supporting(a) self-growth through concept of motivation.It is very important to have an effective communication at replacement turnover Care workers should give this a high priority. Shift turnover should be included in the safety-critical topics supervised and audited periodically by management. They should identify its importance in policy and procedures, assign responsibilities and set minimum standards. A description of how to conduct an effective handover should be available so individuals can assess and improve their own practice. High risk handovers needing extra attention should be flagged up.The importance of effective communication skills during shift handover and throughout other work activities suggests this attribute should be amongst the selection criteria for key posts. Furthermore, opportunities should be available for existing staff to develop their communication skills if required.To be able to motivate a care worker is to identify his strengths and weaknesses, and by giving him feedback. Being open to accept negative feedback is the key for being productive by improving, and being eager to learn, and update s kills. Team work and good communication with one another will make each others work easy.Task 3 Interpersonal communicationHow the use of ICT in health and social care benefits service users? The Information Communication Technology aims to the efficiency of the health care services. This means to b a better outcome for the same or a lesser use of resources. ICT also helps and empowers the health and social care staff, it improves positive patients experiences and facilities research and development germane(predicate) to health and social care, the legal consideration in the use of ICT is the Health and Safety. How the ICT supports and enhances the activities of care workers and care organisations? As aforementioned, the ICT supports and enhances health and social care activities of care workers and care organisations. It is through administrative, financial, clinical, infrastructure applications, etc. That the needs of staff are met and there is a high regard innovation in blood line administration, efficiency and quality of service. It also helps in meeting requirement of other agencies, accountability, and audit. For example, the use of a computer screen is an indication of a patients reach makes the work of the receptionist lighter and easier. Imagine if there was no such thing then the receptionist will have to entertain every person coming in a queue. She will not have enough have time to do other things.Working with vulnerable adult, Professionals must shows different techniques and strategies used in supporting communication between the individual with specific communication needs. Good communication with people with vulnerable adult is essential. This includes identifying behaviour triggers, by means of visual prompts and speaking in short, clear sentences. I considered that the carers must use verbal and non-verbal forms of communications and applied the principles of active listening. Some people with disabilities are not able to use speech as t heir principle means of communication. They may however be able to use an alternative method of communication such as symbols and body language. It is vital to recognise that symbols are different from pictures. Pictures generally convey a lot of information at once but their focus is often unclear. Symbols, on the other hand, are often designed to convey a particular meaning. Symbols or body language can be applied to signify many aspects of verbal communication. Symbols can be presented through visual, auditory and/or tactile media and can take the form of gestures, photos, manual signs, printed words, objects, reproduced spoken words or Braille. Symbols help understanding which can increase involvement, choice and confidence it helps support creativity and self expressions.Theories of Interpersonal CommunicationUncertainty decrement model People have an urge or need to reduce uncertainty about individuals that they find attractive and this motivates them to communicate In Socia l network theory closeness develops if people proceed in step-by-step and orderly fashion from superficial to more intimate levels of exchange. People consciously and deliberately weigh the costs and bribes associated with a relationship and seek relationships that reward them and avoid those that are costly. People connect with others because they believe that rewards or positive outcomes will result. Expectancy value model People believe according to their expectations, and evaluation. The behaviours they perform in response to their beliefs and values are undertaken to achieve some end. However, although expectancy-value theory can be used to explain central concepts in uses and gratifications research, there are other factors that influence the process.Attribution theory is importantly driven by motivational drives, looking at how the person constructs the meaning of an event based on the persons motives to find cause on persons surroundings. personalised development planning is the lifelong process of nurturing, shaping, and updating persons knowledge. It is about allowing individuals to improve and develop in line with the industry in which they engage or take to engage. It is about widening or broadening their knowledge and skills in order that they will continue to have a place in the flatter structures of todays organisations.The benefits of personal development planning are that it provides a roll to work to motivate the individual and suggests a framework for monitoring and evaluating achievements. A good example is If you are currently working as a first line manager or senior administrator and aspire to the position of your manager, you may need to acquire new skills or develop your lower level skills to a higher level in, for example, budgeting, managing people, performance review, report writing and chairing meetings. You would need to planhow you are going to acquire these skills and over what time frame. Personal development planning can a lso be the basis for Assessing where you want to be and how you can get there ,keeping skills up-to-date through meetings, trainings, reading the record book of the residents, updating it via computer, particularly in IT and technical foul areas, Continuous learning, gaining satisfaction from achievements through feedback from colleagues and management whether it is formal or informal, create up transferable skills, such as time management, adaptability to change, self-awareness, and supporting coming(prenominal) employability. You have to set yourself a SMART butt they must be attainable, viable and realistic time-frame.A good example of SMART objective isWithin the next 12 months (time-bound), I will devise and implement a system (specific) which will enable the team to communicate more effectively with each other (achievable and realistic) through monthly group meetings and three-monthly matched meetings (measurable).